Roman Warm Period was 2°C warmer than today, new study shows
Posted: July 25, 2020 Filed under: Climate Change, Climate History, Science | Tags: Climate Change, Climate science, Medieval Warm Period, nature, Roman Warm Period, science, Science and Environment 2 Comments“What gets us into trouble is not what we don’t know,
it’s what we know for sure that just ain’t so.”
– Mark Twain
Tallbloke's Talkshop
Credit: OH 237 @ Wikipedia
Natural climate variability similar to what we see today has been going on for thousands, if not millions of years, whether ‘greenhouse gas’ theorists moaning about modern human activities like it or not.
– – –
The Roman Empire coincided with warmest period of the last 2,000 years in the Med, says The GWPF.
The Mediterranean Sea was 3.6°F (2°C) hotter during the Roman Empire than other average temperatures at the time, a new study claims.
The Empire coincided with a 500-year period, from AD 1 to AD 500, that was the warmest period of the last 2,000 years in the almost completely land-locked sea.
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NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC : ‘Norway Was Warmer 1,000 Years Ago’
Posted: April 19, 2020 Filed under: Alarmism uncovered, Alarmist media, Arctic, Carbon Dioxide, Climate Change, Climatism, CO2, Fact Check, Glaciers, Medieval Warm Period | Tags: Climate Change, Climatism, Global Warming, Medieval Warm Period, National Geographic, Norway, Viking Highway, Vikings 1 Comment “What gets us into trouble is not what we don’t know,
it’s what we know for sure that just ain’t so.”
– Mark Twain
***
H/t @WEschenbach
THE post title is obviously a parody. However, it happens to be a factual one, albeit politically incorrect.
OUR very ‘warm’ friends at National Geographic have inadvertently proven the Medieval Warm Period that existed a mere ~1000 years ago. An inconvenient period known as a “climate optimum” that ClimateChange™️ and National Geographic have spent so much currency, propaganda and magazine paper, ‘denying’.
*
*Nat Geo has deleted the “continue reading this myth” link. So, you will have to imagine what they would have gone on to say. Not hard to imagine the content.
IT would have, no doubt, referenced Michael E. Mann’s “hockey stick” fraud that disappeared the Medieval Warm Period just prior to the UN IPCC’s 2001 third assessment report (TAR)…
*
BY the 2001 IPCC report, the Medieval Warm period disappeared and became much cooler than the late 20th century:
BY pure coincidence, in the year 1995 the IPCC made a decision to make the Medieval Warm Period disappear:
YOUTUBE clip of Dr David Deming’s US Senate testimony on the “disappearance” of the Medieval Warm Period (see 01m:50s) :
Video of Dr David Deming’s statement to the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment & Public Works on December 6, 2006. Dr Deming reveals that in 1995 a leading scientist emailed him saying “We have to get rid of the Medieval Warm Period”. A few years later, Michael Mann and the IPCC did just that by publishing the now throughly discredited hockey stick graph.
Climate Revisionism 101 : “We Have To Get Rid Of The Medieval Warm Period” | Climatism
*
BACK to the latest Nat Geo finings …
“As he peered into the gloom, Pilø soon realized he was looking at a field of objects that hadn’t seen the light of day for hundreds of years. Broken sleds, tools, and other traces of daily life going back nearly 2,000 years lay strewn across the surface of the Lendbreen ice patch, which was melting rapidly due to global warming.“
QUESTION to NatGeo:
WHAT caused the now-exposed highway to be just as exposed ~1,000 years ago? Freyja’s chariot?
•••
SEE also :
- PEER-REVIEWED SCIENCE : The Medieval Warm Period Was Indeed Global And Warmer Than Today | Climatism
- Climate Revisionism 101 : “We Have To Get Rid Of The Medieval Warm Period” | Climatism
- ALL Quiet On The ‘Climate Emergency’ Front : Healthy Sea-Ice Levels At Both Poles | Climatism
•••
THE Climatism Tip Jar – Support The Fight Against Dangerous, Costly and Unscientific Climate Alarm
(Climate sceptics/rationalists still waitin’ for that “big oil” cheque to arrive in the mail!)
Help us to hit back against the bombardment of climate lies costing our communities, economies and livelihoods far, far too much.
Thanks to all those who have donated. Your support and faith in Climatism is highly motivating and greatly appreciated!
Citizen journalists can’t rely on mastheads, rather private donations and honest content.
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(NB// The PayPal account linked to “Climatism” is “Five-O-Vintage”)
•••
PEER-REVIEWED SCIENCE : The Medieval Warm Period Was Indeed Global And Warmer Than Today
Posted: December 3, 2018 Filed under: Alarmism Debunked, Alarmism uncovered, Climate Change, Climate History, Climatism, COP24, Empirical Evidence, Fact Check, Global Cooling, Global Temperature, Global Warming, Medieval Warm Period, Pal-Review, Science, State Of The Climate | Tags: Climate Change, Climate history, Climatism, COP24, global cooling, Global Temperature, Global Warming, Grand Solar Minimum, Katowice, Medieval Warm Period, nature, Peer Review, Peer review study, science, Science and Environment, UN IPCC, UNFCCC 4 Comments“No matter if the science of global warming is all phony…
climate change provides the greatest opportunity to
bring about justice and equality in the world.”
– Christine Stewart,
fmr Canadian Minister of the Environment
“We’ve got to ride this global warming issue.
Even if the theory of global warming is wrong,
we will be doing the right thing in terms of
economic and environmental policy.“
– Timothy Wirth,
President UN Foundation
***
WHEN prosecuting the case for “unprecedented” man-made Global Warming, the first thing you need to make sure of is that no recent climate era was as warm or warmer than the present, even if that means having to rewrite the past to fit your narrative.
THE Medieval Warm Period, also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum (due to conditions favoured for crops, life and civilisation to thrive) existed a short time ago in the climate record, from c. 950 to c. 1250., and has remained a thorn in the side, ever since, for today’s Global Warming Climate Change activist movement.
*
IN the 1990 IPCC report, the Medieval Warm Period was much warmer than the late 19th century:
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THE IPCC’s 1990 report dives deeper into the reality of the Medieval Warm Period and provides an insight into the cause of these warming periods:
“This period of widespread warmth is notable in that there is no evidence that it was accompanied by an increase of greenhouse gases.”
IPCC WG1 Report 1990 (p202)
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BY the 2001 IPCC report, the Medieval Warm period disappeared and became much cooler than the late 20th century:
*
BY pure coincidence, in the year 1995 the IPCC made a decision to make the Medieval Warm Period disappear:
*
YOUTUBE clip of Dr David Deming’s US Senate testimony on the “disappearance” of the Medieval Warm Period (see 01m:50s) :
Video of Dr David Deming’s statement to the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment & Public Works on December 6, 2006. Dr Deming reveals that in 1995 a leading scientist emailed him saying “We have to get rid of the Medieval Warm Period”. A few years later, Michael Mann and the IPCC did just that by publishing the now throughly discredited hockey stick graph.
IN case you missed it…
“I had another interesting experience around the time my paper in Science was published. I received an astonishing email from a major researcher in the area of climate change. He said, “We have to get rid of the Medieval Warm Period.””
The existence of the MWP had been recognized in the scientific literature for decades. But now it was a major embarrassment to those maintaining that the 20th century warming was truly anomalous. It had to be “gotten rid of.””
Statement of Dr. David Deming | U.S. Senate Committee
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THE MEDIEVAL WARM PERIOD : GLOBAL and PEER REVIEWED
ACCORDING to multiple lines of “peer-reviewed science”, the Medieval Warm Period was indeed ‘global’ and was as warm, if not warmer than today.
CLICK here for excellent interactive map of clickable peer-reviewed MWP studies in both North and Southern Hemispheres :
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THE ‘INCONVENIENT’ PAST
THERE is absolutely nothing unusual about today’s so-called Global Warming aka Climate Change.
LOOK at how many periods of warmth our planet has enjoyed during the past 10,000 years alone.
CIVILISATIONS flourished during those warm periods (“climate optimums”), and collapsed when they ended.
DID humans cause the Minoan warm period of about 3,300 years ago?
DID humans cause the Roman warm period of about 2,100 years ago?
DID humans cause the Medieval warm period of about 1,000 years ago?
WHAT about all of those other warm periods? Should we blame Fred Flintstone, perhaps?
IF the downward trend in temperature of the past 3,300 years continues, we could be in a heap of trouble. While our leaders keep on wringing their collective hands over global warming, we could be blindsided by an ice age.
ALL this talk about human-caused global warming is sheer nonsense, if not downright fraud. The record shows that both periods of warmth – and periods of cold – hit our planet with almost consistent regularity.
* Read the rest of this entry »
THE SUN : Climate Changer, Climate Driver, Climate Disruptor
Posted: May 8, 2018 Filed under: Alarmist Godfathers, Climate Fraud, Climate History, Climate science, Climatism, Data Tampering, Empirical Evidence, Global Temperature, Govt Climate Agenda, The Sun | Tags: Climate Change, climate fraud, Climate history, Climate science, Data Tampering, global cooling, Global Warming, Grand Solar Minimum, James Hansen, Little Ice Age, Medieval Warm Period, Michael Mann, Science and Environment, Scientific Fraud, Steve Goddard, The Sun, Tony Heller 3 Comments***
LAST week we analysed the profound effect that the Sun has on Earth’s climate and the sinister reasons as to why the Climate Crisis Industry almost completely dismisses it as having any effect on climate and weather:
THE SUN : Climate Control Knob, Enemy Of The Climate Cult | Climatism
THROUGH the forensic lens of Tony Heller’s excellent research, let’s take a deeper dive into the ‘conveniently’ dismissed nuclear-powered giant in the sky that has the ability to generate temperature swings of 40 degrees centigrade on any given day. And whose light, that takes 8 minutes and 20 seconds to reach Earth, delivers enough energy in one hour to power the world economy for an entire year! Read the rest of this entry »
GREENLAND No Warmer Now Than The 1880s 🇬🇱
Posted: April 21, 2018 Filed under: Greenland | Tags: climate, Climate Change, Climate science, Global Warming, Greenland, Medieval Warm Period, temperature data Leave a commentNOT A LOT OF PEOPLE KNOW THAT
By Paul Homewood
h/t NoTricksZone
As I have shown many times, data from long running stations show that temperatures recently in Greenland have been no higher than the 1930s.
A new paper, which uses Reanalysis data from KNMI, pushes the record back further.
https://www.the-cryosphere.net/12/39/2018/tc-12-39-2018-supplement.pdf
As we can see, Greenland temperatures were also at a similar level to now as long ago as the 1880s.
Indeed, it is noticeable that the really anomalous period was that extremely cold interval, which began in the 1950s and lasted till the 1990s.
View original post
Climate Revisionism 101 : “We Have To Get Rid Of The Medieval Warm Period”
Posted: March 18, 2018 Filed under: Climate Fraud, Climate History, Climatism, Data Tampering, Fact Check, Govt Climate Agenda, Medieval Warm Period, Michael Mann, Pseudo-Science | Tags: Climate Change, climate fraud, climate optimum, Climate science, Data Fraud, Data Tampering, Dr David Deming, Global Warming, Hockey Stick, IPCC, Medieval Warm Period, Michael Mann, Scientific Fraud, Temperature Data Fraud, UN, UN IPCC, US Senate, US Senate Testimony 4 CommentsWHEN you are a man-made global warming alarmist prosecuting your case as “unprecedented”, you need to make sure that no recent climate era was as warm or warmer than the present, even if that means having to rewrite the past to fit your theory.
THE Medieval Warm Period, also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum (for obvious reasons) existed a short time ago in the climate record, from c. 950 to c. 1250., and has remained a thorn in the side for modern “global warming” catastrophists…
HOTTEST Arctic Ever? Arctic Climate Change Fairytales vs. Reality
Posted: March 10, 2018 Filed under: Alarmism, Alarmism Debunked, Antarctic, Antarctica, Arctic, Fact Check, Medieval Warm Period, Propaganda, Pseudo-Science | Tags: Alarmism, antarctic, Antarctica, arctic, Arctic alarmsim, Arctic Sea Ice, Climate alarmism, Climate Change, Earth Sciences, Environmental Science, Fake News, Global Warming, Greenland, Holocene, Hysteria, Medieval Warm Period, Nuuk, Roman Warming Period, Vijay Jayaraj, Weather, Weather alarmism 1 CommentEXCELLENT piece by our friend and environmental scientist Vijay Jayaraj on the recent mass hysteria over the supposed “hottest day evah” in the Arctic.
Vijay’s piece, featured in Town Hall, demonstrates how the Climate Crisis Industry will latch on to any daily (hot) weather event in order to push their CAGW agenda yelling “GLOBAL WARMING” without any consideration for historical reference or indeed common sense…
“Those who count the Arctic warmth as evidence for global warming should count the Eurasian [cold] as evidence for global cooling”
This week, social media and mainstream media were abuzz with news about the record Arctic heat and how we humans are destroying our planet through climate change.
While we brace for a barrage of climate doomsday news, here is the actual reality of climatic conditions at the Arctic and reasons why we are not in imminent danger.
On 26 February, temperatures in some regions of the Arctic hovered around the freezing point (zero degree Celsius)—a record high for this time of year in the satellite era temperature readings (which began in the late 1970s).
But the current rise in Arctic temperature is due not to changes in global average temperature but to changes in regional weather patterns. Changes in the weather system across the Scandinavian region are pushing very warm, moisture-laden Atlantic air into the Arctic and very cold Arctic air into Northern Eurasia, leading much of Europe into a deep freeze this week.
(Those who count the Arctic warmth as evidence for global warming should count the Eurasian code [cold] as evidence for global cooling.)
The same has been prevalent over North America this week, resulting in a colder than normal winter in some parts while temperatures soar towards the east coast.
To understand the sudden peak in arctic temperatures, it is critical to analyze two key elements associated with the Arctic climate: 1. past temperature trends, and 2. the historic variations of the sea ice cover in the Arctic.
Temperature records for the Arctic reveal that the current rise in temperature is not unusual.
The weighted Arctic (70–90oN) monthly surface air temperature anomalies (from HadCRUT4) show that average surface temperatures in the Arctic have not increased significantly since the 1930s.
Long-term (1880–2018) Arctic surface annual air temperature series from Nuuk, Greenland, show that the high temperatures in the recent years are not significantly higher than the previous 14 decades.
Climate alarmists argue that these high temperatures lead to extreme reduction in sea ice levels and upset the eco-system of the planet.
However, sea ice variations reveal a similar pattern to that of temperature—there has been no extreme reduction of sea ice in recent decades.
The latest studies on Arctic sea ice indicate that sea ice cover during the 20th century did not depart significantly from the record sea ice levels during the Little Ice Age (1600–1700 AD).
And understandably, the sea ice cover was at its 2000-year low during the Medieval Warm Period (1000-1200 AD) and during the Roman Warm Period (around 0 AD).
If one were to consider longer temperature data series, such as the entire Holocene (the warm climatic era that constitutes the last 11,700 years approximately), we have no reason to panic about sea ice cover.
Sea ice cover in the 20th century was at its highest ever (excluding the Little Ice Age of 16thcentury) in the last 11,000 years.
Solar activity, and not carbon dioxide, was found to be the main reason for changes in the historical sea ice variations.
The current sea ice loss is not extraordinary by any means, and the Arctic ecosystem survived through much lower ice cover extent in the past 2000 years.
Lying about sea ice and temperatures is not new for the climate alarmists, and their hypocrisy will surely reach new heights this spring.
Vijay Jayaraj (M.Sc., Environmental Science, University of East Anglia, England), Research Associate for Developing Countries for the Cornwall Alliance for the Stewardship of Creation, lives in Coimbatore, India.
Hottest Arctic Ever? Arctic Climate Change Fairytales vs. Reality – Vijay Jayaraj |Town Hall
(Climatism bolds)
•••
MEANWHILE, as the climate mafia bloviates inside their WEATHER = CLIMATE bubble, the other conveniently forgotten pole, Antarctica, continues its long 40 year+ cooling trend, gaining ice mass despite record and rising CO2 levels and claims of “The Hottest Years Evah“…
From the abstract:
Mass changes of the Antarctic ice sheet impact sea-level rise as climate changes, but recent rates have been uncertain. Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) data (2003–08) show mass gains from snow accumulation exceeded discharge losses by 82 ± 25 Gt a−1, reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm a−1.
Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses | Journal of Glaciology | Cambridge Core
*
DON’T MENTION THE SUN!
“The role of the lowest solar cycle for at least a century is mostly ignored by believers in man-made global warming. There are signs of climate change, but not necessarily the kind they expect.” – Rog Tallbloke
Icy Europe, balmy North Pole: the world upside down | Tallbloke’s Talkshop
•••
Related :
- Delingpole: NOAA Caught Lying About Arctic Sea Ice
- THERE’S Nothing Unprecedented About Our Current Weather – Booker | Climatism
- 8 INCHES Of Catastrophic Global Warming Cooks Dutch Canals | Climatism
- “THE PAUSE” Lives On : Global Temperatures Continue To Cool Despite Record And Rising CO2 Emissions | Climatism
- LIFE Inside The Global Warming Bubble | Climatism
- ARCTIC Alarmists Hit New Records Of Hysteria | Climatism
- “HOTTEST YEAR EVAH” Claims Tell Us More About Global Warming PR Than Actual Science | Climatism
- LIVING Life With “Atmosphere Cancer” | Climatism
Climate Science related :
- 100% Of Climate Models Prove that 97% of Climate Scientists Were Wrong! | Climatism
- THE Climate Change Farce Explained By Two Expert “Scientists” | Climatism
- WORLD Leading Authority : Climate and Sea Level Science Is A “Quasi Religion” Hijacked By An Activist Agenda | Climatism
- THE “97% Consensus” Meme Further Discredited By 97 New Papers Supporting A Skeptical Position On Climate Alarm | Climatism
- THE Great Global Warming “Pause” | Climatism
MUST WATCH : Mark Steyn – The Fraudulent Hockey Stick
Posted: November 25, 2015 Filed under: Alarmism Debunked, Alarmist Godfathers, Climate science, Climategate, Climatism, Hockey Stick, Medieval Warm Period, Michael Mann | Tags: climate fraud, Hockey Stick, ICCC, IPCC, Mann vs Steyn, Mark Steyn, Medieval Warm Period, Michael Mann 2 Comments“As we all know, this isn’t about truth at all, its about plausibly deniable accusations.”
– Michael E. Mann | Climategate Emails
•••
Be sure to put aside 30 minutes in your day to watch this unparalleled hockey-stick of laughs from the brilliant Mark Steyn, speaking on the ‘fraudulent’ Hockey Stick at the 10th ICCC conference.
Mark Steyn – The Fraudulent Hockey Stick – 10th ICCC via Canadian Climate Guy :
Cuts to the bone, and funny as hell too!
The ebullient Mark Steyn is being sued by self-styled ‘Climate Scientist’ (really a plain Geologist) Michael Mann for pointing out the truth of Mann’s perversion of science and his invention of a new climate history with his dodgy ‘Hockey Stick’.
•••
UPDATE Mann vs Steyn :
- Mann vs Steyn: The State of Play :: SteynOnline
See Also :
- Shock News : UN IPCC Rewrote Temperature History To Suit Their Political Agenda | Climatism
- Mann Made Global Warming Is A Complete Fraud | Real Science
- BREAKING – Warning to Michael Mann: apologise for your lie or risk facing from me what you’ve done to Steyn | Climatism
Mikey Related :
- Mann Made Climate Change – Disappearing The MWP | Real Science
- Mikey Discusses The Mass Extinction Of Legitimate Science | Real Science
- NOAA 1989 : No Warming For A Century | Real Science
- Did The Pony Express Wreck The Climate? | Real Science
- CLIMATEGATE – Mikey Emails | Tom Nelson
- CORRECTIONS TO THE MANN et. al. (1998)
PROXY DATA BASE AND NORTHERN HEMISPHERIC
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE SERIES – Stephen McIntyre, Ross McKitrick - Sticking it to the Mann | Watts Up With That?
- Back To The Penalty Box…Chinese Paleo-Climatolgists Slap Down High-Sticking Michael Mann!
- Hockey Stick Debunked : Climategate ‘hide the decline’ explained by Berkeley professor Richard A. Muller
- MANN-SLAP : Oh the pain! #Kochmachine is in many American universities, including Penn State | Watts Up With That?
- President Eisenhower Warned America About Michael Mann In 1960 | Real Science
- Yale Alumni Discuss Michael Mann | Real Science
- Shock News : Michael Mann Is A Liar | Real Science
- New Web Page Devoted To Michael Mann’s Work | Real Science
- Hide The Decline | Real Science
Peer Review studies that show the Medieval Warm Period was global and warmer than present :
- Study: Earth was warmer in Roman, Medieval Times | The Daily Caller
- New paper finds more evidence the Medieval Warming Period was global — Published in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
- Latest Research: EU & Russian Scientists Confirm Medieval Period Warmer Than Modern Global Warming
- Antarctic warmer than today – An ikaite record of late Holocene climate at the Antarctic Peninsula
- THE HOCKEY SCHTICK: New paper finds Medieval Warming Period was ~1°C warmer than current temperatures
- New Paper Finds Ocean Temps Were Warmer During Multiple Periods Over Last 2700 Years Than Today | GWPF
- Medieval Temps warmer than today : Jenny Lake, Southwest Yukon Territory, Canada – CO² Science
- Medieval Warm Period was real, global, & warmer than the present’ – China & World – Chinadaily Forum
- Evidence for a Global Medieval Warm Period | Watts Up With That?
Richard Mueller’s classic smackdown of Mann’s “hide the Decline” :
Before Little Mikey Corrupted The Science
Posted: February 4, 2014 Filed under: Alarmism Debunked, Climate History, Climate science, Fact Check, Global Temperature, Green Agenda, Hockey Stick, IPCC, Medieval Warm Period | Tags: Global Temperature, Hockey Stick Fraud, Medieval Warm Period, Michael E. Mann Leave a commentReal Science
From the first IPCC report
There is growing evidence that worldwide temperatures were higher than at present during the mid-Holocene (especially 5 000-6 000 BP), at least in summer, though carbon dioxide levels appear to have been quite similar to those of the pre-industrial era at this time (Section 1 i Thus parts were a few degrees warmer in July during the mid- Holocene than in recent decades (Yoshino and Urushibara, 1978, Webb ct al 1987, Huntley and Prentice, 1988, Zhang and Wang 1990) Parts of Australasia and Chile were also warmer. The late tenth to early thirteenth centuries (about AD 950-1250) appear to have been exceptionally warm in western Europe, Iceland and Greenland (Alexandre 1987, Lamb, 1988) This period is known as the Medieval Climatic Optimum China was, however, cold at this time (mainly in winter) but South Japan was warm (Yoshino, 1978) This period of widespread warmth is…
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New paper shows Medieval Warm Period was global in scope
Posted: February 1, 2014 Filed under: Alarmism Debunked, Climate, Climate Change, Climate Changes, Climate History, Climate science, Empirical Evidence, Fact Check, Global Temperature, Medieval Warm Period, Oceans | Tags: climate changes, Hockey Stick Fraud, Medieval Warm Period, Michael Mann 1 CommentClimatism comment – Peer Review studies that show Medieval Warm Period was indeed global and warmer than todays temps:
- New paper shows Medieval Warm Period was global in scope | Watts Up With That?
- Study: Earth was warmer in Roman, Medieval Times | The Daily Caller
- New paper finds more evidence the Medieval Warming Period was global — Published in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
- Latest Research: EU & Russian Scientists Confirm Medieval Period Warmer Than Modern Global Warming
- Antarctic warmer than today – An ikaite record of late Holocene climate at the Antarctic Peninsula
- THE HOCKEY SCHTICK: New paper finds Medieval Warming Period was ~1°C warmer than current temperatures
- New Paper Finds Ocean Temps Were Warmer During Multiple Periods Over Last 2700 Years Than Today | GWPF
- Medieval Temps warmer than today : Jenny Lake, Southwest Yukon Territory, Canada – CO² Science
- Medieval Warm Period was real, global, & warmer than the present’ – China & World – Chinadaily Forum
- Evidence for a Global Medieval Warm Period | Watts Up With That?
Medieval Warm Period Project | CO² ScienceSee also :
- Shock News : UN IPCC Rewrote Temperature History To Suit Their Political Agenda | CACA
Watts Up With That?
Andrew Revkin writes:
Michael Mann can’t be happy about this work.
Here’s a chat with two authors of an important new Science paper examining 10,000 years of layered fossil plankton in the western Pacific Ocean. The paper finds that several significant past climate ups and downs — including the medieval warm period and little ice age — were global in scope, challenging some previous conclusions that these were fairly limited Northern Hemisphere phenomena.
(video follows, an interview with authors)
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